Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History Essay

Emergence Of Turkish Nationalism History sampleIn the 18th hundred, the Grand Viziers and commanders were gener each(prenominal)y Turkish origin. The Turkification of the administration in the puff pudding st i in these years spread any over graphics and cultural fields. These improvements paved the way for Turkish patriotism in the chase centuries. During the 18th century, nationalism was an political theory which was seen in the Balkans.1As examining the emergence of Turkish nationalism, it is obvious that it is far later than its Western counterpart. There were several savvys guide to this delay. Firstly, Turks were the main element of the Ottoman imperium that could accommodate prevented them. If the Turks had realized the Turkish nationalism, others might have been influenced. National discourse on Turkism would have shake the established order in the boundaries of pudding stone.There is besides another(prenominal) solid ground for this delay that bourgeois and labor classes did not occur among the Turks earlier they did in other nations. Until the nineteenth century, Turk as a concept had negative meaning.2The ascendant of the concept of Turkish nationalism traced back to the Turcology studies in the 19th century in europium. Especially the linguistic features of the various Turkish groups were emphasized. The studies of European Turcologists alternate treatment were affective on Ottoman intellectuals while they were trying to stop the set of the pudding stone.3These Turcology studies were one of the some profound sources both in the emergence of Turkish nationalism and Pan- Turanism.The idea of nationalism as well as emerged among the Muslims in Russia especially the Tatars of Volga before Turks in the pudding stone. As the reasons for that considered they were the almost advanced ethnic group in the Muslims of Russia. Although they suffered from Russian suppression for centuries, with Catherine II this situation has changed and Tatars gained some kind of ghostlike and civil autonomy. Among the Tatar comm accord traders class rose however the Turks in the Ottoman Empire had no special place within the millet organisation and they only have been the dominant nation with other Muslims such as Arabs, Kurds and Albanians.More most-valuablely, between these nations there were no ethnic barriers and Turks in the Empire have accepted Islam as their life style.4For these reasons, although there were ideas of nationalism which were actualized by classical liberty and Serbian autonomy, Turkish-Ottoman consciousness was not present at that time.With the Ottoman Russian War in 1877- 1878 large numbers of Tatars, Azerbaijanis and whiteness Turks migrated to the Empire. The Turkish intellectuals that f guide to Ottoman Empire, Pan-Turkism began to spread forth.5As it was declared before this ideology was consolidated by the impact of Western ideas and via the works of Turcologists in Europe , who showed the Tu rks that they belonged to such an ancient nation. The work of Western Turcologists was later followed by that of Turkish intellectuals. In a world of chaos and inequalities, many Ottoman intellectuals were influenced by the charms of nationalism. They adopted a romanticized image of the nation rising up from the ruins of a decadent empire.6However, Turkish national discourse did not gain full political content and aim until 1908 which was the date of the Constitutions declaration. This relative delay of political controversy on Turkish nationalism was not due to the ignorance of the bureaucrats and intellectuals towards the caper of saving of the state.7As we evaluate politically, the 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian Wars, Germany and some Balkan nations close relationships and the disappointments resulted from ideologies of Pan-Islamism and Pan-Ottomanism and lastly, Ottoman intellectuals actions impertinent to the bureaucrats of Tanzimat ere and reforms were all the reasons behind the emergence of Turkish nationalism in the Ottoman Empire as an alternative to two ideologies that were explained in the previous split of our paper. All these developments prepared and formed the conditions for Turkish nationalism.8G. PAN-TURKISMPan-Turkism refers to political, cultural and ethnic unity of allTurkic-speakingpeople. Before explaining practices of Pan-Turkism in the Ottoman Empire, noticeable personalities in this retire will be mentioned.One of the most influential and signifi bedt personality on the issue of Pan-Turkism in the Russian Empire. He was among the firedrake of Kazan region. In the periodical Trk, his famous article was published. c Ter-i Siyaset is seen as the main manifest of Pan- Turkism. He compared the 3 ideologies that merger and Progress companionship prose tightene. Consequently, he supported Turkish nationalism as an alternative to pan-Ottomanism and pan- Islamism. Whereas traditionalistic Ottoman elite found Akuras in the raw Turkish natio nalism as inappropriate, Unionist regime adopted it later. According to them, pan- Turkism was a mean to wrap up the Empires Afri cannister and European losses by Turkification constitution at Empire and in Asia over the Turkic society.9Yusuf Akcura (1904), in his well-known article on the 3 ideologies stated thatBy such a policy all Turks living in the Ottoman Empire would be perfectly get together by both ethnic and religious bonds and the other non-Turkish Muslim groups who have been already Turkified to a certain extent would be further assimilated.10He also examined the advantages and disadvantages of pan-Turkism policy over the Empire. He suggested that main service of this policy would be unification of all the Turks who are being spread over Asia and the Eastern Europe, belong to the same wording groups, ethnicity and religion. Among the other great nations, greater national and political unity would be created.In this unity, Ottomans would be the most powerful and civi lized of all the Turkish societies. Among the ethnicities of Caucasian and the East Asian, a Turkish world came into existence. Except these advantages, there was shortcoming of this policy that can lead to the separation of the non-Turkish Muslims from the Empire. As a consequence, the Muslims would be divided into Turks and non-Turks.11Furthermore, another supporter of the Pan-Turkist ideology among the Turks in Russia was smail Gaspral who is a Crimean Tatar. He stated his ideas in the Crimean newspaper Tercman with the motto of unity in language, ideas, deeds. He advocated not only concept of Turkism just now also Islam and Westernization. Although he was in favor of Turkish nationalism, he had avoided formulating a political Turkish individualism and he had formed this unions social and cultural background , while release the political union to others.12It can be inferred that in Ottoman Empire Pan-Turkism was mostly dominated in the literature domain. Especially between the Russian War and Greek War, idea of Turkish nationalism was treated by emseddin Sami, Necib Asm and Veled elebi ant may of the Turkist intellectual and authors.13G.1. PAN-TURKISM AS A DOMINANT IDEOLOGY IN THE EMPIREUntil the years 1912-1913 that Balkan Wars occurred other policies pursued instead of Pan-Turkism. 1908 Revolution adjusted the way of looking the Turks and Pan-Turkist tendency became popular. The reason behind this popularity was the continuous attempts of Great powers that interfered in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire.The plea of these interventions was protection of the minorities. As a result, young intellectuals adopted Turkish nationalism.The offshoot attempt of pan-Turkist tendency was immediately after from the 1908 Constitutional Period. On 7 January 1909, Turkish Association was founded. It was a cultural association and Armenians, some of the European Orientalists were also among the members. With the seat of these kind of associations, there published some journals that had important role of the developments in pan-Turkism. As a result of Turco-Italian War, this superpatriotic movement was accelerated.14The Ottoman intellectuals and bureaucrats were obviously concerned about the future of the Empire. They were also imbued with truehearted feelings because of the latest conflictive political developments. In the opposition flee, the juvenility Turks had strongly given themselves to Pan-Turkism. They thought that domestic and modern changes could only be achieved through source structural changes, not through imitation of western institutions. Political Turkism was the final examination ideological recourse of the Young Turks. They defended the ideology of Ottomanism in place of political Turkism even after the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 since Ottomanism was more burnished in keeping the unity of the Empire. Although the Young Turks looked after the Turkish elements of the Empire and declared Turkish language as the offi cial language in 1909, they never supported political Turkism as a solution to the problems of the Empire. For them, the most considerable objective was to keep the unity of all ethnic elements down the stairs the patronage of the Ottoman Empire, which Ottomanism was the best ideological tool for this end.15It was obvious that committal of Union and Progress developed the consciousness of Turkish nationalism as political organization.CUP governments most important step towards a chauvinistic policy was the adoption of Turkish language as the official language of the Ottoman society which eventually would be taught to all Ottoman citizens. These applications were carried out not in the name of Turkism, but of secularism and Westernism. Application of a nationalist policy on a secular line was natural in the Ottoman Empire since the emergence of the Pan-Turkist ideas, too, As a consequence, at one of the party congress Union and Progress preferred Turkish nationalism in 1911.16The re were some events that were influential on this transformation from pan-Ottomanism to pan-Turkism. recounting of the Young Turks in 1902 was the milestone for clearness of anti-imperialist line. In this Congress, liberal wing that led by Prince Sabahaddin and nationalist wing broke apart. Moreover, as a result of Russian defeat in 1904 Russo-Japan War and recession of Russia from the origination War I because of the Bolshevik Revolution, Turkic society in Turkistan gained their independence temporarily. This situation gave hope to Pan-Turkist ideas. With the serious defeat and loss of territory in the Balkan Wars in the 1912-1913, Ottoman Empire became Turkish-Arab Empire. Through these conditions, pan-Turkism which was only cultural issue on the Young Turks mind came into prominence immediately as a sole political option.17During the humanity War I, pan-Ottomanism was abandoned and this time was causal factor on pan-Turkism. Public opinion and foreign policy were also alter by the advocates of the ideology by 1914. There was a question on the Ottoman Empires place in the new system of alinements of Europe. According to Yusuf Akura, alignment with Germany would be the best option and he supported this choice. Russia was seen as a great obstacle on the way for Turkish unity. As the France allied with Russia, this country was not anymore one of the alliance options for the Ottoman Empire.As Britain was evaluated, the Ottomans were aware of British interest in route to India. subsequently these evaluations, alliance with Germany was favored.18Ziya Gkalp formulated the Turkish nationalism in the articles for the journal Trk Yurdu. With his framework, this current gained an economic dimension. Union and Progress National Economy chopine caused emergence of the economic extent. Aims of this program were discharging the minority and foreign tradesmen, entrepreneurs and substitute them with Turks. In other words, this program aimed to create Turkish bourgeo isie.As we look at this national current in political realm, Enver Pasha was mostly prudent for state policy on Pan-Turkism especially for following Pan-Turkist objectives on the armed forces domain. His ideas and inspiration of uniting Turkic people of Caucasus and Central Asia later led to the invasion of Trans-Caucasus and his personal action in Central Asia.19Through this information, the rise of Turkism would owe to the defeats of Ottoman Empire. In other words, it was a political movement which was based on the idea of a Turkish nation, came about in a period where Ottomans were defeated and Muslims were humbled, feeding on various developments. These were the Ottoman reaction against separation movements in the Balkans, the rebellious Tatar actions against Russian pan-Slavism, the new ideas brought forward by European nationalism and the studies on Turcology.However, after creation War I Pan-Turkism ideology became unrealistic. The ideological debate on pan- Ottomanism and pan-Turkism move with a different perspective. The question how to save the Empire? transformed into how to turn on the state that would replace the fallen Empire? However, Union and Progress Turkification policy was extremely criticized.The reason for these critics was that this policy weakened the link of the Ottomanism and it led to Armenians and Greek minorities separation from the Empire. Consequently, Ottomanism was reconsidered.H .CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, How could the Ottoman Empire have been salvage? That was the question all ideologies tried to find an answer. However, each of them came with different answers, it can not be said there were imcompatible differences between them.Many Young Turks who were supporters of Ottomanism, were at the same time Muslims and Pan- Turkists in their minds who were deeply entrenched in nationalism. A majority of the intellectuals were not oppose to those parts of the Western nuance that they considered functional.Supporters of the Ott omanism accepted that, so the Pan-Islamists also did. Ottoman Empires pragmatic nature also observed while investigating the actualizations of these ideologies. Tanzimat reforms were criticized by Pan Islamists.Pan-Islamism that adopted Islamic practices and cooperation between the Muslim communities defended a return to traditional values but they were also in favor of using Western techniques. In domain of a function War I, Ottomans needed Muslim Arabs support and they declared Jihad. The Committee of Union and Progress used a Western thesis against the West nationalism. After 1913, CUP favored Pan-Turkism and put this ideology against Russia during World War I.20Ziya Gkalp who was a influential advocate of pan-Turkism, argued that Westem ways should be accepted was also criticizing the Tanzimat reformers for their loss with their own nations culture.The idea of pan-Ottomanism was tried to be dynamise during World War I became impossible with the Sevres Treaty and the idea of un ifying all the Turks happened invalid and futile in the beginning of the Russian Revolution in 1918 and the Turkish War of Independence. After this ideological confusion seen in the 19th and early 20th centuries, modem Turkey which rose off the ashes of Ottoman Empire was located on a far sounder and decisive ideology.21As it is all known, Mustafa Kemal opposed to the ideologies of Pan-Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism. He stated that the Turks had actions to do in Turkey, and acceptance of another policy would be unnecessary. The new nationalism which was adopted in the Republic of Turkey aimed at saving and developing the Anatolian Turks. Therefore, this nationalism was very dissimilar from nationalism of the Young Turk era.22However, it would be said that the Young Turk nationalism called Ottoman Turkishs attention to the existence of a nationality.Mustafa Kemal Atatrk had two major objectives the foundation of a sovereign and independent Turkish state and to succeed this states modernization. As a result of these reasons, during the War of Independence the connection with the Sultan was cut off. Moreover, the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 and the Caliphate was also abolished on 3 March 1924. By these reforms, Atatrk wanted a strong break from the past. His reforms constituted a well-organized and authoritative tendency towards the West and he had the aim of achieving level of the European states in cultural, industrial, and economic fields.23