AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasonable HEALTH CARE - Essay Example Thinking about the potential procedures and changes to moderate the issue, I concocted the precise recommendations and basic contemplations on Medicare, which I would share inside the accompanying reflection. As it has been referenced for the situation, the Rosalyns prior state of ulcer limited her from accepting because of the couple of aggravating conditions: first, she was separated, second, her yearly pay at the blessing wrapping organization of $19,000 was inadequate to cover clinical consideration and the worker didn't gave such a clinical inclusion for her, the last, however not the least, a â€Å"relatively innocent† clutter, a ulcer, made so far costly clinical protection to cost like such an extravagance. Clearly, if Rosalyn was not dismissed from the outset, her disease would not metastasized into womans hips and she would not break her delicate hip bone. The lady passed on 10 years after her medical procedures. In the outcome of Rosalyns case, it might appear that expensive clinical points of interest appear to be a sort of out of reach administration in any event, for those, who are, as, Rosalyn, in urgent requirement for rising clinical help. It is incomprehensibly brutal to cause somebody to endure, witness how their wellbeing state logically break down. What aggravate things feel even, is that becoming ill for normal moderately aged utilized American resident is such a lethal fiasco. Rosalyns case is by all accounts incredible, whenever saw through the perspective of distributive equity hypothesis. That idea is identified with the reasonable dissemination of existent assets in the midst of different individuals from the general public. That equity is grounded on the aggregate sum of products to be designated, the method and distributive example. In the medicinal services settings, as in some other field, distributive equity is relied upon to work to benefit patients. Portion of clinical administrations, thereof, ought to be founded on the rules of need, value and equity. Presently, the United States of America keeps up an interwoven arrangement of five

Free Essays on The Place Between Human And Fey In A Midsummer Night’s Dream

of Robin Goodfellow †who is the â€Å"merry vagabond of the night† (l. 43) †â€Å"fairy† is related with haziness. The pixies â€Å"run/By the triple Hecate’s group/From the nearness of the sun† (ll. 369-71), and besides, they avoid the daylight so as to â€Å"[Follow] haziness like a dream.† Night and dream both represent both the psyche or oblivious brain, which recommends that the pixies work by an elective rationale, or a â€Å"dream logic† that is conceal by the Athenian rationale of human culture and the daytime hours. This understanding is like current mysterious thoughts regarding the idea of the Fey. Since artists and soothsayers have consistently paid attention to the pixie domain most, it is fitting that we look to both refrain and mysterious sources. Brian Froud, a pixie portraitist, characterizes pixie as â€Å"all things silly, nonlinear, illogical, silly, and frantically poetic† (Froud, Intro); these characteristics are features of the human, consistent translation of the oblivious domain. Inside the setting of the Faery convention of Witchcraft... Free Essays on The Place Between Human And Fey In A Midsummer Night’s Dream Free Essays on The Place Between Human And Fey In A Midsummer Night’s Dream The Place Between Human and Fey in A Midsummer Night’s Dream In Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the connection among pixie and human impels the plot, inciting questions concerning the idea of â€Å"fairy,† and what â€Å"fairy† represents in the human domain. The character of Puck fills in as a representative for the pixie domain, and a minister to the human space. Puck is a helpful center point for responding to inquiries regarding the cooperation between these two degrees of cognizance. The association among pixie and human is encouraged by the topics of adoration and evening time. This suggests conversation starters about the importance and exchange of these ideas. How does adore go about as an association among human and pixie? For what reason does evening time unite these universes? What do evening, and love, have to do with the pith of what is â€Å"fairy?† In the event that we look to the expressions of Robin Goodfellow †who is the â€Å"merry drifter of the night† (l. 43) †â€Å"fairy† is related with haziness. The pixies â€Å"run/By the triple Hecate’s group/From the nearness of the sun† (ll. 369-71), and besides, they avoid the daylight so as to â€Å"[Follow] haziness like a dream.† Night and dream both represent both the psyche or oblivious brain, which proposes that the pixies work by an elective rationale, or a â€Å"dream logic† that is covered by the Athenian rationale of human culture and the daytime hours. This understanding is like current mysterious thoughts regarding the idea of the Fey. Since writers and mediums have consistently paid attention to the pixie domain most, it is fitting that we look to both stanza and mysterious sources. Brian Froud, a pixie portraitist, characterizes pixie as â€Å"all things foolish, nonlinear, unreasonable, silly, and frantically poetic† (Froud, Intro); these qualities are features of the human, sensible translation of the oblivious domain. Inside the setting of the Faery convention of Witchcraft...

Risk Assessment Report For Cinema Complex Construction Essay

Hazard Assessment Report For Cinema Complex Construction Essay The motivation behind this report is to direct an exhaustive hazard evaluation of the premises and recognize potential working environment risks. The hazard appraisal was led utilizing an uncommonly planned Risk Assessment Structure which measures the potential danger of a peril by surveying the probability of the danger happening against the seriousness of result of the peril. Through leading a hazard evaluation of the office, seven unaddressed risks have been recognized. The distinguished dangers while for the most part low-to-medium hazard in nature despite everything present the possibility to make injury visitors and workers, well as making harm the companys property, plant and gear which could at last negatively affect the companys human, money related and physical resources. The dangers related with the distinguished risks are; the potential for the popcorn creator to burst into flames, an absence of defensive foot product, filling the popcorn allocator, tiling in the front-of-house territory, hot oil and portions spitting from the popcorn producer, electrical line checking strategies and the area of crisis mapping. So as to lessen the potential hazard the recognized dangers represent, a few proposals have been made. The potential for a popcorn creator fire to happen can be diminished through satisfactory preparing and putting signage itemizing the right cooking strategy on the popcorn producer. The potential for oil to saturate representatives shoes can be diminished fundamentally be supplanting the present texture based Converse All Stars with calfskin shoes. On the off chance that this is certifiably not a monetarily practical alternative the job of delivering popcorn can be moved to kitchen staff that are required to wear calfskin shoes. The potential for slips to happen on tiling can be diminished by applying a non-slip covering or putting hostile to slip hold over the most powerless regions. Presenting individual defensive apparel will decrease the danger of consumes brought about by spitting from the popcorn creator. Checking electrical lines on a quarterly premise rather than yearly will assist with identifying an electrical risk before it happens. Repositioning the offices crisis guide and introducing a battery worked contact light above it will expand its perceivability in a crisis circumstance. List of chapters 1. Presentation The Candy Bar, being an essential income place, assumes a fundamental job in the activity of a film complex. The Candy Bar being evaluated for this report is situated inside a film complex at Bondi Junction, Sydney. Close by the Candy Bar the staggered film complex likewise contains seven customary halls, two V-max films, two Gold Class assembly rooms and a cafã © and bar. The essential focal point of this report is to recognize work environment dangers situated inside the Candy Bar and give suggestions to lessen the hazard that they present. A hazard evaluation has been created to survey the degree of hazard that a recognized danger presents. The appraisal structure decides the degree of hazard related with the risks by estimating the probability of the peril to ____ against the seriousness of the damage caused. 2. Foundation to the office The Candy Bar is a 18-meter by 10-meter office situated inside the primary hall of a staggered film complex situated at Bondi Junction, Sydney. The Candy Bar offers clients both hot and cold nourishment and drink alternatives and is staffed by up to six representatives during occupied periods. The Candy Bar has been planned with the aim of being a self-administration office and along these lines contains an assortment of specific hardware to meet this objective. The office comprises of three essential useful segments; back-of-house, front-of-house and the sales registers. Figure 1 shows a format of the office. The rear of house zone is the place all hot and cold nourishment is set available to be purchased and where every single bundled great are put away before being moved to oneself help territory of the Candy Bar available to be purchased. The Candy Bar is altogether self assistance and contains an assortment of specific gear intended to address this issue. The registers area of the Candy Bar comprises of five touch screen, PC worked, registers, which work utilizing the Vista POS (Point Of Sale) framework. Joined to every PC are hand held scanners which are utilized to process all things with standardized tags. In June of 2010 the piece of candy was shut for a little while it was rebranded and revamped. The ongoing remodel implies that a huge bit of the hardware in the office is under a half year old. Except for one ice machine all hardware is in acceptable working request. At the hour of detailing the rug which secured most of the front-of-house floor has been expelled and is being supplanted with tiles. Fig. 1 Layout of the Candy Bar 3. Examination of the offices wellbeing gear and systems 3.1. Danger distinguishing proof and detailing strategies The organization has broad peril ID and announcing methods like that plot by ODonnell (1993). Just as effectively reassuring representatives to report potential perils. A formal Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) review of the premises is completed each quarter by the Workplace Safety Coordinator (see Appendix __ for expected set of responsibilities). At the point when a peril is recognized it is quickly answered to the Duty Manager and the WSC, who accept accountability for dealing with the hazard. They at that point survey the degree of hazard related with the danger by finishing a compulsory Fixing a Workplace Hazard structure, which is then put away on the organizations intranet and on the OHS board so all representatives know about the risk. The supervisory crew at that point actualize interior controls planned for disposing of or decreasing the hazard to an adequate level. On the off chance that the risk can't be settled by the supervisory group and WSC it must be alluded to the suitable Regional Manager or the National Operations Executive (OHS) who will give help with settling the issue. Notwithstanding managing risks on a site-by-site premise a National Workplace Health and Safety Committee likewise assembles quarterly. The advisory group which comprises of six agents from different divisions inside the organization meets to examine OHS issues which takes into consideration the sharing of data across locales, as a peril distinguished at one scene is probably going to be available at others. 3.2. Preparing The film has set up a solid OHS preparing program. For representatives, danger ID preparing starts at their acceptance. Just as taking part in workshops representatives are likewise required to fill in a progression of exercise manuals identifying with OHS during their first long stretches of business. As suggested by ____ ___, the organization additionally plans two formal and mandatory fire and equipped burglary instructional courses every year to guarantee that representatives are fit for reacting proficiently to flames, departures, furnished burglaries and bomb dangers. 3.3. Crisis gear Thing QTY Area AGE LIFE CONDITION Fire cover 2 Gas generator 1 Back of house 6 years 15 years Normal http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/docs/hospSafeDesignComKitchen.pdf Crisis gear situated inside the Candy Bar incorporates __ fire quenchers, __ fire covers, __ fire hoses __ medical aid packs, __ crisis clearing signs, __ perilous item data sheets and fuel generator. 4. Hazard Assessment 4.1 Risk evaluation structure strategy Hazard estimation can be quantitative, semi quantitative or subjective as far as the likelihood of event and the conceivable result (IRM Risk Management Standard 2002). So as to recognize and quantify the potential hazard related with distinguished dangers inside the film a subjective hazard appraisal structure has been created. The structure appears as a two-dimesional lattice (see table 1) quantifies the seriousness of the hazard against the probability of the danger happening. The likelihood of the risk happening is isolated into four classes; improbable, conceivable, likely and sure as suggested by SafeWork SA (2010). An impossible danger is one that could happen yet just in uncommon conditions. A potential peril could happen yet it would be far-fetched for it to eventuate. An imaginable peril will likely happen sooner or later in time and a specific danger represents a fast approaching risk. Probability evaluations Probability Class Portrayal Practically certain A 75% possibility of event. Likely B Will most likely happen 25% to 75% possibility of event in ten-year Conceivable C Might happen eventually in time Impossible D May happen in outstanding conditions odds of event are under 2% in ten-year time frame. Hazard outcome portrayals The target of hazard portrayal is to show recognized dangers in an organized configuration, for instance by utilizing a table. The hazard depiction and appraisal of dangers. The utilization of a very much planned structure is important to guarantee an exhaustive hazard ID, portrayal and evaluation process. By considering the result and likelihood of every hazard set out in the table, it should be conceivable to organize the key dangers that should be broke down in more detail (IRM Risk Management Standard 2002). 1.Name of hazard Negligible, Serious, Major Catastrophic. 2. Extent of hazard Subjective depiction of the occasion, its size, type, number and conditions. 3. Nature of hazard Operational, Structural 4. Hazard resilience/Appetite Incentive in danger Likelihood and size of potential misfortunes/gains Objective(s) for control of the hazard and wanted level ofperformance 5. Hazard treatment control instruments Essential methods by which the hazard is as of now oversaw Levels of trust in existing control Distinguishing proof of conventions for observing and survey. Hazard appraisal framework Likelihood X Seriousness Far-fetched Conceivable LIKELY Nearly CERTAIN Minimal:bruising, minor cuts, mellow concoction disturbance of eyes or skin Generally safe Generally safe Generally safe Medium hazard Serious:loss of co

Scholarships For Women - Apply to the Minority Scholarship For Women

Scholarships For Women - Apply to the Minority Scholarship For WomenThere are a number of free scholarship Essay samples for minority students and women at the Texas Medical Association Minority Scholarship. If you're a female student at UTD, you may be able to apply to the minority scholarship for female students.If you are a minority student at the University of Texas at Dallas and you are a woman, you may be eligible to apply to the minority scholarship for women. The Dallas medical association has come up with an initiative called minority scholarship essay samples. The scholarship is given to those women who possess the intellectual and personal excellence to be a physician.The Scholarship for Women is offered to men and to women who have greater than or equal to 3.2 average grade point averages. It does not discriminate between gender.If you qualify for the minority scholarship for women, it's great news. Just apply to the scholarship.If you are a male student and you are in go od financial standing with your school, you may be eligible to apply to the minority scholarship for men. The scholarship is given to those men who possess an above average GPA.If you are an African American male and you are in good financial standing, you may be eligible to apply to the minority scholarship for African American men. It does not discriminate between gender.If you are a male and you are in good financial standing with your school, you may be eligible to apply to the minority scholarship for male students. The scholarship is given to men who possess an above average GPA.

The Financial Crisis Of 2008 - 1187 Words

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the agency created after the financial meltdown of 2008, has taken aim at the cash advance loan industry almost since the agency opened its doors. The CFPB s latest attack is in the form of proposed rules that many people believe would regulate cash advance loans out of existence. The proposed rules would apply to every lender whether they make online cash advances or operate a brick-and-mortar store. Throughout his campaign, Donald Trump repeatedly expressed his antipathy for the CFPB and the law that created the agency, the Dodd-Frank Act. Now that Trump has won the presidential election, many people are wondering whether the cash advance loan industry might benefit under his administration. Will the Trump Administration Help the Beleaguered Cash Advance Loan Industry? Dismantling an independent federal agency is no easy task. Trump would need support in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, and although Republicans control both, Trump would likely need to win support from at least eight Democrats in the Senate to see Dodd-Frank repealed. While he has a powerful ally in Rep. Jeb Hensarling, Hensarling s focus is primarily on the parts of the Dodd-Frank Act that restrict banks trading activities and subject banks to liquidity and capital requirements. Even if Trump cannot help lenders who offer cash advance loans by repealing Dodd-Frank, however, he may be able to assist the industry by focusing on the CFPB. ForShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 20081384 Words   |  6 PagesThe turmoil in the financial markets also known as the financial crisis of 2008 was considered the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Many areas of the United States suffered. The housing market plummeted and as a result of that, many evictions occurred, as well as foreclosures and unemployment. Leading up to the financial crash, most of the money that was made by investors was based on people speculating on investments like real estate, stocks, debt buying, and complex investmentRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081747 Words   |  7 PagesThe economic crisis of 2008 was one for the ages, it changed the world of investing forever. That year, the stock market crashed, bank failures and the infamous wall street bailout that can all be tr aced back to the subprime mortgage crisis.. The 2008 economic crisis rocked the global economy for the worst, and to this day the United States is trying to recover from the impact that the crisis had. In order to understand why exactly the banks failed people have to understand the subprime mortgageRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20081817 Words   |  8 PagesThe financial crisis of 2008 did not arise by chance. The meltdown was precipitated by systematic striping away of the New Deal era policies of bank regulation. 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These are the people that lost their jobsRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2553 Words   |  11 PagesWhen you think of the 2008 financial crisis that affected not just the US economy, but the world as a whole, most average middle-class Americans won’t really know what triggered this economic disaster. Most will probably blame, and rightfully so, those large corporations on Wall Street. These corporations, which deal with insanely large amounts of money, will always be wary of their stocks decreasing. But they also know that 99% of the time, everything will go back to normal in the future. What theyRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 20082083 Words   |  9 PagesEver since the economic virus called â€Å"negative interest rates† scattered over European and later Japanese banks, our economic system has been the most unstable since the financial crisis of 2008. The virus, negative interest rates, is a concept in which the central bank charges interest in bor rowing money and holding an account. It was brought forth in efforts to increase economic growth by giving commercial banks a tax on the large amount of reserves they hold in the bank. In other words, commercialRead MoreFinancial Crisis of 20081794 Words   |  8 PagesThe Financial Crisis of 2008 was the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression, however a lot of American’s want tougher law of be enforced against executives and companies they think started the mess (Jost/Misconduct). Civil charges have been brought up against major banks for misleading investors, but a federal judge rejected a proposed settlement saying it was too lenient (Jost/Misconduct). The flood of subprime mortgages roiling the housing market in the U.S. is also causing the worldwide

Opposition to the End of Black History Thesis - 2418 Words

Seongwu Han ‘12 African American History II Mr. Williams 2009/06/07 hans@carleton.edu Opposition to the End of Black History Thesis The election of Barack Obama as the president of the United States surprised Americans as much as it did the world. The first African American and non-white to be in the White House, Barack Obama symbolized a major historical event, another step-forward toward racial equality in the history of America. Civil rights activists, experts in the racial conflict of the U.S., and many liberal citizens believed that Obama’s election means the realization of the ideas of black civil rights leaders, the completion of the Civil Rights Movement, the beginning of a post-racial society, and the downfall of†¦show more content†¦To Garvey, Obama would be seen as a half-independent leader with a trace of ‘the slave spirit of dependence.’ Another important figure in African American history that would raise objections to the end-of-black-history thesis is Ella Baker, an influential grassroots organizer of the mid 20th century. Ella Baker was a very different figure from many charismatic black male leaders who received national attention and coverage from media. She was a community organizer that helped common people to stand up effectively for a common cause. Her strong belief that ‘people had to learn to lead themselves’ and disgust of ‘hero worship’ made her remain as an ‘outsider within’ in organizations such NAACP and SCLC although she had done a considerable amount to contribute to both. Baker’s concept of leadership was a group-centered one that could help individuals with the goal of betterment of the public grow into ‘being responsible for carrying out a program.’ Also, Baker believed that group-centered leadership is much more beneficial in working to ward racial uplift than individual-centered leadership because charismatic leaders are susceptible to corruption, tend not to identify with people and remain above, become idolized, and encourage disaffection of community leaders from the struggle for racial equality. 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While the witches in Macbeth are simply characters of the story, they also are an indicator of a cultural aspect of the 16th century that played a major role in the makeup of the history and lifestyle at the time, witchcraft. The idea and practice of witchcraft was a cultural presence during the time of Shakespeare which overall was viewed in a negative light by the people of the time, affecting not only their e veryday lifestyle, but also played a major role in influencing history in bothRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Revolution By Jack Rakove1057 Words   |  5 Pages by Jack Rakove published in 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, which is located in New York city, New York, brings a collection of stories of the ‘founding fathers’ together to create the story of the American Revloution. The thesis of the book is arguably that the American Revolution may never have happened without the mishaps of the Boston Tea Party, which in turn created a collection of colonial leaders. Rakove’s book, in the early chapters, focus on Samuel and John AdamsRead MoreEssay on Book Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow2082 Words   |  9 PagesBook Review of The Strange Career of Jim Crow Prior to the 1950s, very little research had been done on the history and nature of the United States’ policies toward and relationships with African Americans, particularly in the South. To most historians, white domination and unequal treatment of Negroes were assumed to be constants of the political and social landscapes since the nation’s conception. Prominent Southern historian C. Vann Woodward, however, permanently changed history’s naà ¯veRead MoreSocial Control through Works of Fiction1390 Words   |  6 Pagespredator filled darkness of night. 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The two very differing opinions on Lincoln will be analyzed to h ighlight the facts of each argument. During Lincoln’s presidency (1861-1865)

INTRODUCTION Analysis Essay Example For Students

INTRODUCTION Analysis Essay How can 130 acres of resort nestle anywhere, especially in the heart of a thriving metropolis known as The Valley of the Sun?Yet, through the combination of landscaping and architecture, this slice of desert heaven does seem to discreetly nestle against Camelback Mountain, its sandstone terraces barely discernible. Even in the heart of Arizonas Sonoran desert, the well manicured landscaping is lush and mature, accented with a scenic cactus garden boasting 350 varieties of blooming succulents that attract colorful desert hummingbirds. Architecture is at once impressive and unobtrusive. The Phoenician Resort, a lavish stretch of desert chic, is home to 18 PGA-approved holes scattered across lush green fairways. The Resort boasts 580 elegant rooms, suites, and casitas; a lighted 11-court tennis complex; seven swimming pools; plus a Centre for Well Being that soothes and challenges body and soul. Restaurants cater to tastes ranging from Mediterranean Country to Southwestern Casual to traditional English tea. A skilled and attentive hotel staff provide impeccable guest service (Rice, 1994). The Phoenician also offers superb meeting facilities with 60,000 square feet of meeting space, a 22,000 square-foot grand ballroom, 21 conference rooms, and two boardrooms. A Business Center, an individualized Butler Program, as well as in-house Audio-Visual and Destination Services Departments cater to a groups and attendees every need. From the beginning, the Phoenician was envisioned as a resort that would combine the luxury of Europes top hostelries with the colors, textures, and ambiance of the Southwest. Since its opening in October, 1988, The Phoenician has attracted vacationers, business clientele, and notoriety from around the world. A lobby graced with imported Italian marble, Persian rugs, crystal chandeliers, soft carpets, deep couches, gold leaf detailing, and mile-high flower arrangements flown in from Europe and Hawaii (Davis, 1993) suggests more than an ordinary luxury hotel. Each of the Phoenicians luxurious guest room accommodations have a view, including the Resorts two 3,200-square-foot presidential suites that come complete with baby grand piano, gourmet kitchen, formal dining room, casual living room with fireplace, and 24-hour butler service. With Charles Keatings monogram erased from the middle of the stunning lobbys star burst-pattern marble floor, and in the hands of new owners Sheraton ITT, The Phoenician is an ode to success, not wretched excess (Reinman, 1994). What continues to make The Phoenician successful is its ability to carry out its simply stated goal: provide guests with unparalleled luxury service. Certainly, well refined organizational communication skills are necessary in order to accomplish this goal successfully. This portion of the observation plan focuses on the effectiveness of communication between the Resort and the customer in understanding the customers needs and expectations for a group function, as well as the effectiveness of communication between the Resort management and employees in successfully meeting the customers needs and expectations for a group function. Additionally, the observation plan looks at the forms of feedback received from customers after an event, which w!ould assist the Resort in providing continued superior service in future events. OBSERVATIONSPre-Conference MeetingFocusing on the written, verbal, and non-verbal communication within the Convention Services and Banquet Operations Departments, I attended a pre-conference meeting with the guest/group representatives of the International Association of Convention and Visitors Bureau (IACVB) and The Phoenician management. Each department affected by the scheduled event was represented, including both the Resort and General Manager. In a spacious, well pointed meeting room set up with water service, refreshments, writing tablets and pencils, hotel participants convened prior to the arrival of the guest/group representatives. Resort staff members resembled cast performers in a long running Broadway play, made up to appear larger than life in the production they were about to take part. Fashionably dressed in conservative business attire, well groomed, and with bright, attentive gazes, each participant arrived well versed with the Groups Resume, as well as the Time and Event Schedule for a!total of 182 individual events, each of which had been distributed to the departments prior to the pre-conference meeting. At the formal start of the meeting, Mr. Steve Therriault, Convention Services Manager, introduced Ms. Wendy Shapiro as the guest/group representative for the IACVB, and he introduced the local representative from the Phoenix Convention and Visitors Bureau. Ms. Shapiro profiled the IACVB as a global organization, representing more than 415 member bureaus in 28 countries. She related that the organization was founded in 1914 to promote sound professional practices in the solicitation and servicing of meetings, conventions, and tourism, and Ms. Shapiro characterized this years annual convention at The Phoenician as both an educational and social gathering of IACVB members. Americas Involvement In World War Two When War Broke Out , There Was EssaypSather differs from concurrent object-oriented languages that try to unify the notions of objects and processes by following the actors model 1. There can be a grave performance impact for the implicit synchronization this model imposes on threads even when they do not conflict. While allowing for actors, pSather treats object-orientation and parallelism as orthogonal concepts, explicitly exposing the synchronization with new language constructs. pSather follows the Sather philosophy of shielding programmers from common sources of bugs. One of the great difficulties of parallel programming is avoiding bugs introduced by incorrect synchronization. Such bugs cause completely erroneous values to be silently propagated, threads to be starved out of computational time, or programs to deadlock. They can be especially troublesome because they may only manifest themselves under timing conditions that rarely occur (race conditions) and may be sensitive enough that they dont appear when a program is instrumented for debugging (heisenbugs). pSather makes it easier to write deadlock and starvation free code by providing structured facilities for synchronization. A lock statement automatically performs unlocking when its body exits, even if this occurs under exceptional conditions. It automatically avoids deadlocks when multiple locks are used together. It also guarantees reasonable properties of fairness when several threads are contendi ng for the same lock. Data placementpSather allows the programmer to direct data placement. Machines do not need to have large latencies to make data placement important. Because processor speeds are outpacing memory speeds, attention to locality can have a profound effect on the performance of even ordinary serial programs. Some existing languages can make life difficult for the performance-minded programmer because they do not allow much leeway in expressing placement. For example, extensions allowing the programmer to describe array layout as block-cyclic is helpful for matrix-oriented code but of no use for general data structures. Because high performance appears to require explicit human-directed placement, pSather implements a shared memory abstraction using the most efficient facilities of the target platform available, while allowing the programmer to provide placement directives for control and data (without requiring them). This decouples the performance-related placement from code correctness, making it easy to develop and maintain code enjoying the language benefits available to serial code. Parallel programs can be developed on simulators running on serial machines. A powerful object-oriented approach is to write both serial and parallel machine versions of the fundamental classes in such a way that a users code remains unchanged when moving between them. 1.6 HistorySather is still growing rapidly. The initial Sather compiler (for Version 0 of the language) was written in Sather (bootstrapped by hand-translating to C) over the summer of 1990. ICSI made the language publicly available (version 0.1) June of 1991 4. The project has been snowballing since then, with language updates to 0.2 and 0.5, each compiler bootstrapped from the previous. These versions of the language are most indebted to Stephen Omohundro, Chu-Cheow Lim, and Heinz Schmidt. pSather co-evolved with primary contributions by Jerome Feldman, Chu-Cheow Lim, Franco Mazzanti and Stephan Murer. The first pSather compiler 3 was implemented by Chu-cheow Lim on the Sequent Symmetry, workstations and the CM-5. Sather 1.0 was a major language change, introducing bound routines, iterators, proper separation of typing and code inclusion, contravariant typing, strongly typed parameterization, exceptions, stronger optional runtime checks and a new library design 6. The 1.0 compiler was a completely fresh effort by Stephen Omohundro, David Stoutamire and Robert Greisemer. It was written in 0.5 with the 1.0 features introduced as they became functional. The 1.0 compiler was first released in the summer of 1994, and Stephen left the project shortly afterwards. The pSather 1.0 design was largely due to Jerome Feldman, Stephan Murer and David Stoutamire. This document describes Sather 1.1, released the summer of 1996. The compiler was originally designed and implemented by S. Omohundro, D. Stoutamire and (later) Robert Griesemer. Boris Vaysman is the current Sather czar and feature implementor. Claudio Fleiner implemented most of the common optimizations , a lot of debugging support, the pSather runtime and back-end support for pSather. Michael Philippsen implmented the front/middle support for pSather. Holger Klawitter implemented type checking of parametrized classes. Arno Jacobsen worked on bound iterators. Illya Varnasky implemented inlining support and Trevor Paring implemented an early version of common subexpression elimination. A group at the University of Karlsruhe under the direction of Gerhard Goos created a compiler for Sather 0.1. The language their compiler supports, Sather-K, diverged from the ICSI specification when Sather 1.0 was released. Karlsruhe has created a large class library called Karla using Sather-K. More information about Sather-K can be found at:http://i44www.info.uni-karlsruhe.de/frick/SatherK1.6.1 The NameSather was developed at the International Computer Science Institute, a research institute affiliated with the computer science department of the University of California at Berkeley. The Sather language gets its name from the Sather Tower (popularly known as the Campanile), the best-known landmark on campus. A symbol of the city and the university, it is the Berkeley equivalent of the Golden Gate bridge across the bay. Erected in 1914, the tower is modeled after St. Marks Campanile in Venice, Italy. It is smaller and a bit younger than the Eiffel tower. The way most people say the name of the language rhymes with bather. The name Sather is a pun of sorts Sather was originally envisioned as a smaller, efficient, cleaned-up alternative to the language Eiffel. However, since its conception the two languages have evolved to be quite distinct. 1.6.2 Sathers AntecedentsSather has adopted ideas from a number of other languages. Its primary debt is to Eiffel, designed by Bertrand Meyer, but it has also been influenced by C, C++, Cecil, CLOS, CLU, Common Lisp, Dylan, ML, Modula-3, Oberon, Objective C, Pascal, SAIL, School, Self, and Smalltalk. Steve Omohundro was the original driving force behind Sather, keeping the language specification from being pillaged by the unwashed hordes and serving as point man for the Sather community until he left in 1994. Chu-Cheow Lim bootstrapped the original compiler and was largely responsible for the original 0.x compiler and the first implementation of pSather. David Stoutamire took over as language tsar and compiler writer after Stephen left. That position was, in turn, taken over by Boris Vaysman in late 1995. Sather has been very much a group effort; many, many people have been involved in the language design discussions including: Subutai Ahmad, Krste Asanovic, Jonathan Bachrach, David Bailey, Joachim Beer, Jeff Bilmes, Chris Bitmead, Peter Blicher, John Boyland, Matthew Brand, Henry Cejtin, Alex Cozzi, Richard Durbin, Jerry Feldman, Carl Feynman, Claudio Fleiner, Ben Gomes, Gerhard Goos, Robert Griesemer, Hermann Hertig, John Hauser, Ari Huttunen, Roberto Ierusalimschy, Arno Jacobsen, Matt Kennel, Holger Klawitter, Phil Kohn, Franz Kurfess, Franco Mazzanti, Stephan Murer, Michael Philippsen, Thomas Rauber, Steve Renals, Noemi de La Rocque Rodriguez, Hans Rohnert, Heinz Schmidt, Carlo Sequin, Andreas Stolcke, Clemens Szyperski, Martin Trapp, Boris Vaysman, and Bob Weiner. Countless others have assisted with practical matters such as porting the compiler and libraries. 1.6.3 References1 G. Agha, Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1986. 2 S. Burson, The Nightmare of C++, Advanced Systems November 1994, pp. 57-62. Excerpted from The UNIX-Haters Handbook, IDG Books, San Mateo, CA, 1994. 3 C. Lim. A Parallel Object-Oriented System for Realizing Reusable and Efficient Data Abstractions, PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley, October 1993. Available at the Sather WWW page. 4 C. Lim, A. Stolcke. Sather language design and performance evaluation. TR-91-034, International Computer Science Institute, May 1991. Also available at the Sather WWW page. 5 S. Murer, S. Omohundro, D. Stoutamire, C. Szyperski, Iteration abstraction in Sather, Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan 1996 p. 1-15. Available at the Sather WWW page. 6 S. Omohundro. The Sather programming language. Dr. Dobbs Journal, 18 (11) pp. 42-48, October 1993. Available at the Sather WWW page. 7 C. Szyperski, S. Omohundro, S. Murer. Engineering a programming language: The type and class system of Sather, In Jurg Gutknecht, ed., Programming Languages and System Architectures, p. 208-227. Springer Verlag, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 782, November 1993. Available at the Sather WWW page.